The panel “Tools of Power in Global Diplomacy, 1400–1900” at the New Diplomatic History Conference in Aix—a conference presentation organized by Birgit Tremml-Werner—aims to discuss a new framework for studying the global development of inter-polity relations and negotiation patterns in the period between the fifteenth and the nineteenth century. Introducing three examples, one from the Middle East, one from South Asia, and one from Southeast Asia, the panelists will explore diplomatic norms, concepts, and practices including patronage, dynastic and community relations, and imperial institutions in search of comparisons and connections. Putting plural diplomatic norms and mechanisms in conversation with each other will nuance the story of systematized diplomatic relations as part of a linear development of one international system.

Birgit Tremml-Werner will present a paper entitled “Alliances and Negotiations in the Sulu Zone, c. 1760–1830”, which builds upon her collaborative work with Ariel Lopez and Eleonora Poggio.